Did you realize that over a billion people in the world now speak English? According to a report titled, “English Next” by language researcher David Graddol, “…two billion people [will] be speaking or learning English within a decade.” [1]English is everywhere. The Economist says, “[English] is the language of globalization-of international business, politics… It is the language of computers and the Internet… it is the dominant international language in communications, science, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy….” [2]”English… is an important tool for operating on the world stage,” says John Whitehead, director of the British Council. The ability to speak and understand English is mandatory in certain fields, professions, and occupations. In fact, English is so widely spoken, it is referred to as, the “lingua franca” [3] of the modern era.Nonetheless, with the millions of native speakers vying for jobs in the global market, what chance is there for ESL (English as second language) speakers to compete? ESL students take heart. As the Graddol report demonstrates, the global spread of English… will lead to serious economic and political disadvantages in the future…. A future in which monolingual English graduates face bleak economic prospects as qualified multilingual young people prove to have a competitive advantage in global companies and organizations.Given that English has acquired its world-wide reputation due, in large part, to globalized power relations, those companies and governments employing well-trained non-native speakers for their international business communication needs will obviously see the advantage of hiring non-native speakers of the English language with multilingual talents.
Globalisation – Challenges And Opportunities | skinmail.info
INTRODUCTIONGlobalisation has become the need of the day for every country of the world – be it small or big, developed or developing nation, Globalisation, which started as back as 1980, has spurred due to technological advancement in the areas of transport and communication and by the selection of big developing nations to bring necessary improvement in investment climate and to open up to international trade and investment. The most encouraging aspect is that for the first time, poor nations are trying hard with desire and commitment to harness the potential and opportunities of their huge labour to break into world markets for manufactured products and services. Since the initiation of globalisation, manufactures have witnessed a rise from less than 25 percent to 80 percent. The major contribution to this increase is made out by Brazil, China, Hungry, India and Mexico.GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY24 developing nations, which cover 3 billion people, have doubled their ratio of trade to income over the last two decades. Countries that undertook globalisation at a faster rate have increased their per capita income from 1 percent in the decade of 60s to 3 percent in the decade of 70s, 4 percent in the decade of 80s, and 5 percent in the decade of 90s.According to the World Bank, in the past decade, the number of the poor in the world (excluding China) rose by more than 100 million. Another study found that during 1990-98, 36 countries had average annual growth of 2.3 percent, 34 countries had a growth of 1.9 percent and 39 countries had no growth with 15 countries experiencing falling living standards.The World Bank holds the view that the impact of growth on poverty has varied according to the pattern of investment. For example, in India, a given growth rate has cut poverty in some states by four to five times as much as in others. Those states which invested heavily in education and health saw a much higher rate of reduction in poverty. This point of view has been adopted by almost all donors for the disbursement of their assistance to developing countries.The free trade and investment policies continue to be under attack from many quarters, in that the realities of the developing world are not taken into account. Under attack also are the blatant hypocrisy and double standards that govern the behaviour of rich countries towards the poor countries.The developing world has not received a fair share of benefits because the rich countries have not kept their part of the agreement reached at the Uruguay Round, under which they had pledged to reduce subsidies to their agriculture by 36 percent in return for the lowering of tariffs on agricultural imports by the developing countries. While the developing countries reduced their tariffs by 50 percent, the rich countries subsidies remained unchanged.Similarly, the industrial countries had agreed to phase out the protectionist Multi-Fibre Agreement by 2005, But 30 percent of textiles and clothing skills face significant restrictions even in 2004. The average tariff on these goods is 11 percent, which is three times as high as on other industrial goods. South Asia alone loses $2 billion a year due to these tariffs.Agriculture and textiles together account for 70 percent of the poor world’s exports. Developing countries lose nearly $100 billion a year due to rich countries’ export subsidies and trade barriers. In rich countries, tariffs on goods from poor countries are four times higher than on goods from rich countries. If poor countries’ goods get free access to rich country markets, and if the later remove all subsidies, it would add $1.5 billion by 2015 to poor countries’ income, and lift 300 million people from the rank of the poor.WHY INDIA HAS BEEN LAGGING BEHIND?It is generally said that India has failed in globalising its economy and therefore, real fruits of globalisation have not been reaped out by the common man. Development economists of India put two arguments in this respect. First, inability of Indian economy to contain fiscal deficit is resulting into stagnation of the country’s economy. Second, failure to reform the structure of Indian economy so that sustainable growth is ensured in the future. These issues have far reaching effect on the globalisation of Indian economy. There are two emerging parameters on the basis of which failure could be judged. First, a relatively small change in the components of exports away from agricultural to sophisticated manufactures. Second, decrease in the inflow of FDI.During the year 1990-91 i.e. pre-liberalisation, agriculture had contributed 24 percent in India’s total exports. The share of sophisticated manufactures was 21.8 percent and remaining share i.e. 54.2 percent was of light manufactures. On the other side of it, in the year 1999-2000, the relative share of agriculture was 17 percent ( a decline of 7 percent). The relative share of sophisticated manufactures stood at 29.8 percent (a rise of 7 percent). The relative share of light manufactures remained at 54.2 percent. This means during a span of ten years there was only 7 percent increase in sophisticated manufactures and from that it could be concluded there has been no appreciable degree of globalisation in Indian economy.Added to this, if these trends are compared with economic transformation in East Asia during the period under review, India is nowhere and it proves to be a ‘glimmer’. The major factor attributed to these trends is insignificant role played by foreign and joint ventures in the promotion of India’s exports during the period under reference.Foreign direct investment (FDI), one of the most vital instruments for globalising Indian economy, is partially responsible for the failure of globalisation in India. This is because FDI inflows to India never exceeded from a level of US$3.3 billion as against a minimum need of at least US$ 10 billion annually. India is being considered a nation inveterately hostile to FDI to India in comparison to total FDI approved. From the year 1991 to 2001 only 21.7 percent has been actual inflow to India. This is due to lack of proper initiation and implementation of ‘second generation’ reforms. These reforms relate to factor market and administrative system under which firms have to work.Indian economy has also failed to link to global economy. It is essential on the part of Indian economy to attract investment not only to strategic industries but also to simple industries. China did a right thing by inviting investment in simple industries.The other viewpoint in regard to globalisation of Indian economy is that Indian economy globalisation is a ‘mixed blessing’. A better alternative is not to opt out of the process of globalisation, but to come out and evolve an appropriate framework to have maximum benefits from the existing international trade and investment scenario. In this regard, it has become imperative to understand the gains and losses on one hand and to study the benefits and dangers on the other hand.There is an urgent need to cooperate with other developing nations to bring the desired change in the existing international trade environment. Simultaneously, India must identify and strengthen its comparative advantages. This would result into spirit of meeting the challenges of globalisation. India has miles to go to reap out the benefits of globalisation for all its inhabitants. Globalisation of Indian economy must be based on the premise of equality of opportunities for all.CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESIt is true that the present -day world does not give us any option except to join the process of globalisation, we should along with other developing countries, find ways and means of devising policies and programmers which really help the poor nations and the poor among these nations. We should fight for a more just and equitable world order and develop the strength and unity to resist imposition of unequal treaties and discriminatory trade policies. India signed the WTO accord but the Indian industry as well as trade circles are not fully aware even today of the commitments made by the country.In fact, the problem with globalisation is that a few may benefit and majority may be worse off. As such, it is necessary that government takes an active part in managing and tackling it. In recent times, an important aspect of globalisation has been outsourcing of jobs, particularly hi-tech jobs, by developed countries like America to developing countries like India. This has been favourable to America as it can now specialise in areas of competitive advantage involving skilled labour and advanced technology. It is, however, argued that today America is producing lesser number of engineers than, say, India or China even as they may e to some disadvantage either because of poor training or such other factors. But then, this disadvantage is more than offset by the wage differentials, causing unemployment amongst American engineers.It is thus that America has to grapple with the challenges of adjusting to globalisation and at the same time, be more sensitive to the plight of developing countries. No wonder, globalisation can also boomerang, limiting the growth process in developed countries in case workers are unemployed or their living condition become worse off because of outsourcing.What is more, the main driving forces of present-day globalisation are the market and the return on investment. Only countries with high growth and good prospects or attractive returns have been drawn within the fold of global trade and investment flows. Developing countries attract only 30 percent of global investment flows, but just 20 countries in the developing world attract over 85 percent of total foreign direct investment flows and 94 percent of portfolio investment. Globalisation has thus eluded the rest of the developing countries inspite of drastic liberalisation of their economic policies.It can also be said that as a result of globalisation, there has been large concentration of activities within certain geographical confines like those of the Asia pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) and the European Union (EU) and this has widened the disparity between the rich and the poor countries. The income-gap between the top 20 percent of the world’s population in the highest-income countries and bottom 20 percent of world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the latter accounts for only one percent. And there is no guarantee that more liberalisation by the developing countries will help to narrow this gap.As part of trade reforms, the tariff and non-tariff barriers have been lowered gradually. India’s agreement with the WTO norms has resulted in the country removing the quantitative restrictions on various items and from April 2003 free import of various items has been allowed.No doubt, an impression has been gaining ground that many an economic ill are due to globalisation. Also, it is felt that increased cross-border trade will adversely affect Indian economy. Moreover, Indian companies fear that they are going to be easy targets for takeover by foreign companies. There may be an element of truth in these perceptions but not all of them may be real.It is also true that liberalisation of trade and investments increased capital flows and the resultant competition also leads to higher economic growth. Evidence suggests that open economies have prospered better than those economies which have adopted protective practices, as in the case of many of the South East Asian economies.Therefore, India should rise to avail itself of the opportunities of globalisation. Indian business cannot perpetually live behind protective barriers. It is necessary to push Indian companies into global competition and break their lethargy. To withdraw from globalisation would be an opportunity lost.No wonder then, however, a first class infrastructure network has to be provided for Indian industry and business so that they become effectively competitive in the global market. Along with that, some law pertaining to labour and production need to be changed while some new have to be introduced keeping in view the global standards that need to be achieved. Surely, by leaving these and other problems unattended, it cannot be expected that Indian industry and business will be able to rise to meet the global challenges.Of no less concern is the fact that huge global corporations enjoy sufficient financial cloud to erode the regulatory powers of nations and ride roughshod over the rights of individuals to determine their future. Whereas the post-colonialism had held out the promise of an equlitarian world order and globalisation was supposed to deliver economic equality among nations, the reality is to the contrary. In the post-globalisation world in which we live today, inequality is on the increase.It is said globalisation’s driving idea is free market capitalism. Like the cold war, globalisation also has its own set of economic rules which revolve around opening deregulation and privatisation of economic activities. In the era of globalisation, we are all connected as we reach for the internet but nobody is totally in charge. If the defining perspective of cold war was division, it was integration for globalisation. Once a country makes the leap into the system of globalisation, its elites try to locate themselves in a global context.The financial sector reforms have been particularly significant and banks are now reorienting their strategy to compete with international players. The insurance sector has been opened up only recently and the forces of competition are already coming into play. Industrial licensing has been more or less abolished and the role of private capital has been enhanced in various sectors.Also, in India’s corporate sector some kind of discontinuity is visible as global competition is knocking at their doors. Foreign investments are sometimes looked upon with suspicion and yet they seem to be crucial for modernisation. Now time has come when we should aim at making Indian companies as global companies with the vast pool of trained manpower and skills available in the country. The objective should be to build Indian brands and products which are recognised through out the world.Nevertheless, all this calls for restructuring on a scale, which has been untried till now in so far as the economy and corporate sector are concerned. The level of performance would need not be sustained by constant innovation, cost reduction and better quality. It has to be recognised that as a consequence of globalistion, free roaming across the global economy by multinationals has encouraged many developing nations to liberalize at great speed. Therefore, mergers and acquisitions have eroded competition and developed monopolistic tendencies, vitiating all fruitful results of a global environment.INDIA SHOULD CAPITALISE ON ITS STRENGTHUnderstanding the current status of globalisation is necessary for setting the course for the future. The main point here is that globalisation is still an evolving concept, and up to now it has been shaped largely by the rich and the powerful countries to assert their advantages in the fields of manufacturing, services and finance. The developing countries have not been able to secure as much benefit from their primary strengths in agriculture and labour as they should have. Although India took the initiative to echo its concern in the Cancun agenda, this subject is yet to again its rightful attention.It is to be noted that developing countries are not homogeneous. Each country has its own unique strengths, weaknesses and concerns, and each needs to frame its policies accordingly. For India to secure its due share of gains from the globalisation process, it needs to capitalise on its strengths.India is the second largest country and the largest democracy in the world. Its record on freedom of speech, association and worship is quite impressive. It has well-developed legal and financial institutions and infrastructure, and a large industrial and sophisticated scientific base. Its higher education system is large and capable of achieving excellence.The most important strength of India is its well-trained but surplus man power which is English-speaking and Western-oriented. It also has a vast surplus of low-skill and unskilled manpower. India’s gain could be enormous if it were allowed to export this manpower freely. There would also be other significant economic, political and social gains.1. International trade tends to grow between manpower sending and receiving countries.
2. When the number of immigrants from a country/region becomes noticeably large and/or economically powerful, they tend to become a political force in their new country.
3. Out sourcing tends to encourage people to obtain education and learn about other countries. As a result, significant outsourcing can become a powerful force for the spread of education.CONCLUSIONDuring 1990 and 2003 the volume of world trade has increased and the high and middle income countries have managed to increase their share in world trade. This has happened mainly because of opening up of economies and globalisation. Moreover, the middle income countries have invited more Foreign Direct Investment during the period. In contrast with this, the per capita GDP of the low income countries has marginally increased. The economic inequality has widened between different income groups. Therefore one may be tempted to conclude that the globalisation has not trickled down to the low income countries. In other words globalisation has been confined to developed countries and developing countries have been able to participate in the process.However, globalisation should not be accused for losing share of the low income countries. These countries suffer from internal problems like rapid rise in population, infrastructure bottle necks, weak financial markets and so on. More access to globalisation and its benefits demand that developing countries first put in place a conducive environment necessary to ensure higher returns and larger markets for foreign investors. To get a share of global capital, technology and output, developing countries have to upgrade their social and economic institutions through administrative, legislative and legal reforms.Globalisation should not be thought of as a solution to everything. It merely provides opportunities. Those who take advantage, they flourish and those who do not they sink. Globalisation is not supposed to produce equality of outcome but it produces equality of opportunity for those with right mindset. Hence the developing countries have to focus on economic restructuring building market supporting institutions and creating efficient regulatory mechanisms.Left to themselves the low income countries cannot travel long. What in fact needed is the international assistance and a support mechanism so as to facilitate their participation in the process of globalisation. The challenge of the hour is to make globalisation work towards global prosperity through disaggregate development. The critically necessity in this context are the collective and cooperative actions which should be realized by all countries of the world and particularly the developed ones.
Megastar Chiranjeevis Film Career and His Biography | skinmail.info
Heroic looks, daredevil stunts and mesmerizing dance movements, together make Telugu mega star Chiranjeevi, a director’s delight and one of the most adored actors in South India. Fondly called “Chiru”, he is one of the super stars of Telugu film industry (Tollywood). Associated with the industry for the past 30 years, Chiranjeevi has shown his artistic excellence in numerous blockbusters. Apart from being the ultimate hero of Telugu movie-lovers, he is the dream star package for the film producers in Tollywood. Chiranjeevi has recently joined politics and runs a renowned Charitable Trust as well.Chiranjeevi Childhood & EducationThe megastar of Telugu cinema, Chiranjeevi was born on August 22, 1955 in Mogultoor, a small town in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. His father – Late Sri Venkat Rao and mother – Anjana Devi named him Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad. He has two brothers – Nagendra Babu and Kalyan Babu and one sister – Vijaya. Chiranjeevi studied in schools located in Nidadavolu, Gurajala, Ponnuru, Mangalagiri and Mogalturu in Andhra Pradesh. He pursued his intermediate studies at C.S.R. Sharma Junior College (Ongole) & graduated with a B.Com degree from Y.N. College in Narasapur, Andhra Pradesh.Early Years Of Film CareerAfter completing education, Chiranjeevi moved to Madras (Chennai) to chase his dream of becoming a star in the film industry. Soon after attaining a diploma in acting, in June 1978, he was offered a small role in the film “Punadi Rallu”, directed by Raj Kumar. Although he acted for the first time in “Punadi Rallu”, Chiru’s first film to be released was “Pranam Kharidu” (1978), a directorial venture of K. Vasu. Thereafter, he was offered a series of small and villainous roles in films, including “Manavoori Pandavulu” (1978). “Adavi Donga”, released in the same year, was another important movie in his career. In 1979, Chiranjeevi had eight releases and by its last quarter, he had started gaining pace in the industry.Journey Towards StardomChiranjeevi shined as a star during 1980s, with critically acclaimed roles and big hits. His roles in “Punnami Naagu” (1980) and “Nyayam Kavali” (1981) received equal appreciation from the critics as well as the audience. The turning point in the film career of Chiranjeevi came with “Khaidi” (1983), which fetched him immediate stardom. This film marked the beginning of his dominance in Tollywood (Telugu film industry). Directed by A Kodanda Rami Reddy, the film became a super-hit. The director-actor duo proved to be one of the most successful combinations in the industry during that period. Subsequently, they worked together in 23 films, a majority of which proved to be block busters.Known for his dare-devil stunts, Chiranjeevi met with a number of accidents on the sets. He was injured while shooting for the climax of the film “Sangharshana” (1983). Thereafter, he underwent an operation in London. However, he continued to perform tough and risky stunts in his films. In the film “Intiguttu” (1984), he was injured when he tried fighting using the tube light. ‘Bavagaru Bagunara’ is yet another movie in which Chiranjeevi displayed the carefree attitude of a teenage boy, while performing bungee jumping.BlockbustersChiranjeevi continued to give hits to Tollywood. Some of his blockbusters are “Abhilasha” (1983), “Challenge” (1984), “Pasivadi Pranam” (1987), “Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu” (1989), “Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari” (1990), “Kodama Simham” (1990), “Gang Leader” (1991), “Rowdy Alludu” (1991) and “Gharana Mogudu” (1992). After a phase of low-career, during the mid 1990’s, Chiranjeevi made a comeback in the late 1990’s with another series of blockbusters, including Master (1997), Choodalani Vundi (1998), Bavagaru Bagunnara (1998) and Sneham Kosam (1999). “Indra” (2002) proved to be a mega hit and was one amongst the highest grossing movies of the year.Praja RajyamWith an ideology of social democracy, mega star Chiranjeevi entered the political arena and established “Praja Rajyam” party in 2008. The headquarters of his regional party is located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. Chiranjeevi appeared in the first public meeting for the party on August 26, 2008. Political leaders who have joined hands with Praja Rajyam include former TDP leaders, Mr C. Ramachandraiah and G. Haribabu Naidu.Chiranjeevi Charitable Trust (CCT)Chiranjeevi founded a charitable trust, named Chiranjeevi Charitable Trust, on October 2, 1998. The Trust includes a blood bank and a couple of Eye banks, named after the mega star. It has received lots of blood and eye donations till date. CCT was awarded the “Best Voluntary Blood Bank Award” by the AP State Government, in 2002 and 2003.Personal LifeOn February 20, 1980, Chiranjeevi married Surekha, the daughter of yesteryear’s renowned comedian – Allu Rama Lingaiah. They have two daughters – Sushmita (eldest) and Sreeja (youngest) and a son – Ram Charan Tej. Sushmita is married to the Chennai business man Vishnu Prasad and Sreeja got married to Sirish Bharadwaj, an engineering student from Begumpet.Awards* 1982: Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Subhalekha”)
* 1984: Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Inti Guttu” )
* 1987: Nandi Award for Best Actor (“Swayamkrushi”)
* 1988: Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Rudraveena”), Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration (“Rudraveena”)
* 1992: Nandi Award for Best Actor (“Aapathbandhavudu”)
* 1993: Filmfare for Best Actor Award (“Muta Mesthri”)
* 1999: Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Sneham Kosam”)
* 2002: Nandi Award for Best Actor (“Indra”), Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Indra”)
* 2003: Tagore Award for Best Actor (“Santosham”)
* 2004: Filmfare Award for Best Actor (“Shankar Dada MBBS “)
* 2006: Padma Bhushan Award
* 2007: Filmfare Special Legend AwardFilmography1978 – Pranam Khareedu, Manavoori Pandavulu
1979 – Kothala Raayudu, Sri Rambantu, Idikatha Kaadu, Punaadi Rallu, I Love You, Kotta Alludu, Kukka Katuku Cheppu Debba,
Tayaramma Bangarayya
1980 – Rakta Sambandham, Mogudu Kavali, Prema Tarangalu, Love in Singapore, Thathayya Premaleelalu, Kaali, Nakili Manishi, Punnami Naagu, Mosagadu, Jathara, Aarani Mantalu, Chandipriya, Kottapeta Rowdy, Agni Samskaram
1981 – Kirayi Rowdylu, Chattaniki Kallu Levu , Priya, Srirasthu Subhamasthu, 47 Rojulu, Rani Kasula Rangamma, Ooriki Ichina Maata, Nyayam Kavali, Prema Natakam, Tirugu Leni Manishi, Todu Dongalu
1982 – Bandhalu Anubandhalu, Manchu Pallaki, Mondi Ghatam, Yamakinkarudu, Billa Ranga, Patnam Vachina Prativrathalu, Tingu Rangadu, Radha My Darling, Sitadevi, Idi Pellantara, Subhalekha, Bandipotu Simham, Intlo Ramayya Veedilo Krishnayya
1983 – Sangarshana, Manthri gari Viyyankudu, Khaidi, Simhapoori Simham, Maa Inti Premayanam, Roshagadu, Maga Maharaju, Gudachari No.1, Puli Bebbuli, Shivudu Shivudu Shivudu, Aalyashikaram, Abhilasha, Palletoori Monagadu
1984 – Rustum, Agnigundam, Naagu, Intiguttu, Challenge, Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu, Devanthakudu, Hero, Goonda, Allulu Vasthunnaru
1985 – Vijetha, Adavi Donga, Raktha Sindhuram, Puli, Jwala, Chiranjeevi, Donga, Chattam Tho Poratam
1986 – Chanakya Shapadham, Dairyavanthudu, Rakshasudu, Chantabbai, Veta, Magadheerudu, Kondaveeti Raja, Kirathakudu
1987 – Jebu Donga, Swayamkrushi, Pasivadi Pranam, Chakravarthy, Aradhana, Donga Mogudu
1988 – Yudda Bhoomi, Trinetrudu, Marana Mrudangam, Khaidi No.786, Yamudiki Mogudu, Rudraveena, Manchi Donga
1989 – Lankeshwarudu Shankar, Rudranetra, State Rowdy, Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu
1990 – Raja Vikramarka, Prathibandh, Kodama Simham, Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari, Kondaveeti Donga
1991 – Rowdy Alludu, Gang Leader, Stuartpuram Police Station
1992 – Aapathbandhavudu, Aaj Ka Goonda Raj, Gharana Mogudu
1993 – Mechanic Alludu, Mutaa Mesthri
1994 – The Gentleman, S.P.Parasuram, Mugguru Monagallu
1995 – Rikshavodu, Big Boss, Alluda Majaka
1996 – Hitler
1997 – Master
1998 – Choodalani Vundi, Bavagaru Bagunnara
1999 – Iddaru Mitrulu, Sneham Kosam
2000 – Annayya, Hands Up
2001 – Daddy, Manjunatha, Mrugaraju
2002 – Indra
2003 – Anji, Tagore
2004 – Shankar Dada MBBS
2005 – Andarivadu, Jai Chiranjeeva
2006 – Stalin
2007 – Shankardada Zindabad
2008 – Dheerudu